India’s nuclear capped missiles: Role in strategic deterrence

Geopolitics | Feb 5, 2017

India's nuclear force structure is known to be based on a triad: Prithvi short-range ballistic missiles and various versions of the Agni IRBM manned by the missile groups of the Indian Army; nuclear glide bombs carried underslung on hard points on fighter-bomber aircraft of the Indian Air Force; and, eventually, submarine-launched ballistic missiles deployed on ballistic missile submarines with the Indian Navy. For a nation that follows a no-first-use nuclear doctrine and is willing to absorb a nuclear first strike, genuine deterrence can be provided only by a robust, infallible, and potentially insuperable nuclear force including ballistic missiles and SSBNs armed with nuclear-tipped SLBMs. It is imperative for India to make all efforts to operationalise its SSBNs as early as possible.

India Must close the missile-technology gap with both China and Pakistan as early as possible, or else the credibility of India’s nuclear deterrence will remain suspect, writes Gurmeet Kanwal, while giving a comparative explanation of Indian missile systems in service and under development.

Agni Missiles: Tried and Tested

On December 26, 2016, India tested the 5,000 plus km Agni-V intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) for the fourth time. The test that was conducted from Kalam Island in the Bay of Bengal achieved all the mission parameters that had been stipulated. After user trials over the next 18 to 24 months, the nuclear-capable Agni-V missile will be inducted into the Strategic Forces Command (SFC). On its operationalisation, all targets in China will come within range from India.
Normally five to seven tests are carried out, including technical trials and users trials, before a missile is inducted into the arsenal.
Close on the heels of the Agni-V, the 4,000 km Agni-IV IRBM was successfully test-fired by personnel of the SFC from the Same launch facility on January 2, 2017.
Between these two tests, the credibility of India’s nuclear deterrence received a 00d boost. In comparison, the trajectory shown by the ISPR of Pakistan’s first test of a sea-launched cruise missile on January 10, 2017, appears to have been photoshopped. The launch was claimed to have been undertaken from a submarine.
India’s nuclear force structure is known to be based on a triad: Prithvi short-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs) and various versions of the Agni IRBM manned by the missile groups of the Indian Army; nuclear glide bombs carried underslung on hard points on fighter-bomber aircraft of the Indian Air Force (IAF); and, eventually, submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) deployed on ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) with the Indian Navy. INS Arihant (Destroyer of Enemies), the first indigenously designed SOBN, was still undergoing sea trials as of December 2016. A second SSBN is reported to be under construction. Four to six SSBNs would be required to provide the capability of assured retaliation after absorbing a first strike. Nuclear-armed ballistic missiles will remain the sheet anchors of India’s nuclear deterrence till all the SSBNs equipped with SLBMs in the required numbers gradually enter service with Indias SFC.

Surface-to-Surface Ballistic Missile Groups

Under the aegis of its Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP), which was approved by the government on July 26, 1983, India has achieved considerable success in ballistic missile development. The Prithvi SRBM (1-meter diameter, 150- to 350-km range, and liquid-fuelled) and the multiple models of Agni IRBM (800- to 5,000-km range, and solid-fuelled) have provided India with an assured retaliation capability.
Though exact details are not known in the public domain, DRDO spokespersons have shared sufficient information to allow for an assessment of the missile’s capabilities. While the Agni-V is still under development, the Agni-IV is reported to be ready for deployment. According to a Ministry of Defence press release, “Agni 3 was inducted to strengthen Indias strategic might and joined Agni 1, Agni 2, Prithvi IJ & Dhanush (the naval version of Prithvi capable of being launched from ships even under rough sea conditions)”.
Agni IRBMs are the mainstay of the surface-to-surface leg of India’s strategic forces. With the exception of the Agni-l, all Agni missiles are fully solid-fuelled with carbon composite heat shields for re-entry protection. At least two Agni missile groups are reported to be in service. Indias successful experience 1n space research, particularly the launch of multiple satellites on a single rocket, has endowed the scientists with the capability to master MIRV (multiple, independently targeted re-entry vehicles) technology. In view of the R&D developments in China, it was considered expedient to commence a research programme on MIRV technologies as a technology demonstrator. Costing <1l00 crore per missile, the Agni-V, with a range of 5,000 km plus, is known to be capable of carrying MIRV warheads. (According to Chinese officials the maximum range of Agni-V is 8,000 km.) A canisterised version of the Agni-V was first test-fired on January 15, 2015, from a mobile launcher. The process of canisterisation means the warhead will be mated with the missile for storage, not stored separately and mounted on the missile shortly before launch. Dr V K Saraswat, a former DRDO chief, said the Agni-V had “ushered in fantastic opportunities in… building Anti-Satellite (ASAT) weapons and launching mini/micro satellites on demand. The DRDO is also reported to have plans to develop the Agni-VI ICBM, which will be capable of carrying a 3-ton payload of MIRVs and manoeuvrable reentry vehicles (MaRVs). The range of the missile made of lightweight composite materials is expected to be greater than 6,000 km. However, the existence of such a programme has been officially denied.
The Prithvi-I (150-km range), Prithvi-II (250-km range, IAF version), and Prithvi-III (350-km range) surface-to-surface missiles (SSMs) are all nuclear-capable. Prithvi missiles are liquid-fuelled with strap-down inertial guidance and a manoeuvrable trajectory with a CEP likely less than 100 meters. These dual-use missiles are capable of carrying 500- to 1,000-kilogram warheads. It is now being increasingly believed that the Prithvi-I missile was never intended to carry nuclear warheads. Four Prithvi missile groups (222, 333, 444, and 555) are reported to be in service. As soon as the Agni-I regiments are fully operational and the missiles have been produced in the required numbers, it should be possible to retire the Prithvi missiles from service with India’s nuclear forces. However, Prithvi missiles are likely to continue to be used for non-nuclear missions and as part of the ballistic missile defence (BMD) technology development program until they become obsolete. A modified Prithvi missile is, for example, the interceptor in the BMD system Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) for exo-atmospheric interception. It is also used as a target for an incoming missile.
The Dhanush SSM is a ship-to-surface variant of the Prithvi-II] with a maximum range of 350 km. The Nirbhay – also tested in December 2016, but unsuccessfully — 1s expected to be developed into a subsonic (Mach 0.7) land attack cruise missile (LACM) with a maximum range of 1,000 km. The Prahar is a highly manoeuvrable, precision-strike tactical SSM with a range of 150 km, and is armed with a conventional warhead. Comparable to the US Army Tactical Missile System, it has been conceived as a quick-reaction battlefield support weapon system that fills the range gap between tactical multibarrel rocket launchers and SRBMs. All of these missiles have been indigenously developed by the Aeronautical Development Establishment and have been produced by Bharat Dynamics Limited. The rate of production of Agni missiles is reported to be 12 to 18 per annum.

Securing Missile Launchers

A substantial proportion of the land based ballistic missile force is likely to be destroyed in a disarming first strike, Or even in a conventional strike in the course of a war below nuclear thresholds. Missiles of the lower-range Agni class can be made road- and rail-mobile and can be moved around large areas in a random, unpredictable manner. Though mobile missiles are less vulnerable because they are harder to locate and track, surveillance and target acquisition technologies are improving rapidly and adversaries planning first-strike strategies may be expected to make the required Investments in the ISR technology necessary to find mobile missiles.
Missiles can also be housed in hardened, above-ground shelters and moved frequently from one shelter to the other, or emplaced in underground silos that are designed to withstand the over-pressures likely to be generated by nuclear explosions of 20 to 30 kilotons. Hardened shelters can be easily spotted by modern satellites and would be destroyed in a disarming first strike. To ensure the survival of a retaliatory capability in hardened shelters, India would have to construct two or three structures for each missile, including some realistic dummy shelters equipped with dummy missiles mounted on actual transporter erector launchers that are frequently moved to simulate the presence of a real missile.
Fixed silos capable of withstanding a nuclear attack are extremely costly to construct and maintain. So far, it has not been possible even for advanced Western countries to construct shelters capable of withstanding megaton nuclear blasts. Such silos are technologically challenging and prohibitively costly. Should India’s adversaries choose to employ such high yield weapons in the future, fixed silos would be virtually useless. Even with silos, it is still likely that a first strike would destroy 40 to 50 percent of India’s land-based arsenal. It is for these reasons that there is no move in India to build silos for India’s strategic missiles.

SLBMs and Cruise Missiles

While India does not at present have nuclear-tipped cruise missiles in the arsenal, it is an option that can be exercised as the technological capability to launch cruise missiles is available and equipping these with nuclear warheads is technologically feasible.The first SLBM developed for India’s SSBN fleet is the 700-km-range K-15 Sagarika. After gaining technical knowledge of the process of soft ejection underwater followed by ignition of the missile motor with the Sagarika, DRDO scientists began developing the K-4 SLBM, which is expected to have a maximum range of up to 3,500 km. The K-4 1s undergoing technical trials as of 2016. At its maximum range, the K-4 would reach most high-value targets in Pakistan from a standoff distance in the Bay of Bengal, providing planners with additional options for targeting. It would, however, still fall short of some high-value targets on the Chinese mainland if fired from the Bay of Bengal. In order for India to threaten all possible high-value targets in China with the K-4, SSBNs would nave to patrol very close to the Chinese coastline. As this is not desirable, India will inevitably have to develop an SLBM with a range of 5,000 km.
The BrahMos supersonic cruise missile was developed jointly with Russia.
It is designed to be launched from land-based mobile launchers, surface ships, submarines, and fighter-bomber aircraft.
It has a maximum range of 290 km and carries up to a 300-kg conventional warhead. The maximum speed of the missile is Mach 2.8, almost three times faster than the US Tomahawk subsonic cruise missile. INS Rajput was the first Indian ship to be equipped with BrahMos missiles in 2005. The first army regiment was equipped with BrahMos missiles in 2007, and the second five years later in 2012. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited handed over the first Su-30MKI modified for the BrahMos missile to BrahMos Aerospace in February 2015. The BrahMos-II, a hypersonic version of the missile with a scramjet engine, is under development. According to news reports, the range of the BrahMos missile may be increased to about 600 km, giving it greater stand-off. There are currently no plans to arm the BrahMos with nuclear warheads; reports to this effect are misleading. India will never violate the provisions of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) by arming the BrahMos with a nuclear warhead. Both India and Russia are members of the MTCR.

Looking Ahead

India must continue to endeavour to modernise its nuclear delivery systems. In particular, India must close the missile technology gap with both China and Pakistan as early as possible, or else the credibility of India’s nuclear deterrence will remain suspect. India must step up efforts to acquire missiles with ranges between 5,000 and 10,000 km for better long-range deterrence against China. The Agni-VI/Surya programme, which can benefit from the Indian Space Research Organisation’s Polar Stationary Launch Vehicle and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, needs to be given high research and development priority.
For a nation that follows a no-first-use nuclear doctrine and is willing to absorb a nuclear first strike, genuine deterrence can be provided only by a robust, infallible, and potentially insuperable nuclear force including ballistic missiles and SSBNs armed with nuclear-tipped SLBMs. It is imperative for India to make all efforts to operationalise its SSBNs as early as possible. Until SSBNs enter service with the Indian Navy, a small number of surface combatants in both the eastern and western naval fleets should be equipped with nuclear-tipped ballistic missiles to add variety to the direction of launch that an adversary must counter.
According to Kyle Mizokami (“Five Indian Weapons of War China Should Fear’) among the five Indian weapons that the Chinese must fear during a future war are the aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya, the fifth-generation fighter aircraft (FGFA), the BrahMos anti-ship Supersonic cruise missile, the Kolkata-class guided missile destroyer and the Arihant-class SSBN armed with the K-4 SLBM. Given the steady pace at which India’s missile development programme is progressing, China may have some more worrying to do.